Marie Curie and Albert Einstein As Outsiders free essay sample

This paper studies the status of Marie Curie and Albert Einstein as outsiders and addresses the influence of this status on their scientific work. The following paper examines how both Einstein and Curie were two geniuses of the world of science who were declared outsiders because there were great odds against their success. This paper looks at the way in which they managed to overcome all obstacles and dissolve all barriers to turn their dreams into reality. The way in which their persistence and perseverance in early life also helped them later in their scientific work, is also discussed. It has often been noticed that people who contribute much to a particular field are the ones who were either at some disadvantage in their early life or suffered from some obstacles that stopped them from entering the field. Yet these very people managed to overcome all odds to reach the place where they had dreamed of arriving and thus revolutionized the world in their own way. We will write a custom essay sample on Marie Curie and Albert Einstein As Outsiders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We see that extraordinary people all around us are the ones who were once considered even less than ordinary and were therefore barred from entering their chosen area of work. It was only after they managed to overcome the obstacles and through single-minded determination managed to bring revolution in their own sphere that the world was forced to take notice.

the nanjing massacre essays

the nanjing massacre essays Since World War II lots has said about the holocaust. Seen as the most terrible thing to happen to a group in history it has inspired books and movies and is now universally known. But not much has been said about the Nanjing massacre. The actions of Japanese troops during this massacre lead even German nazi leaders to describe Japan as a violent war machine that should be taken very carefully. During my research I found a lot of individual stories of atrocities. There were far too many to include all of them in this project, although all of the first hand accounts I thought were just too graphic and generally disturbing for me to write down. The massacre started on December 12th 1937. The Chinese army pulled out of its old capital Nanjing and changed it to Chongquing in the face of the Japanese armies assault. Most of those in the city ran to hide in the safety zone. A district set up by Americans and British for housing and hopefully protecting civilians. Although some people did stay behind to guard property and businesses. People from rural areas started to enter the city in masses in hope of trying to hide in the safety zone, but the safety zone was full and all those who tried to enter were turned away. With nowhere to go they tried to exit the city through the Northern Peace gate and the North West Yijang gate. Earlier, the Chinese troops who had stayed behind to guard the city had decided to run away. Fearing that the refugees were probably going to try to escape the Japanese and would impede their own escape and so they shut the gates behind them. The refugees were then trapped between the advancing tro ops and their own gate. The Japanese swept into the city and killed all many of those who had stayed. Then they advanced up the two paths to the gates. The opened fire on the masses of people they came across killing almost every single person there. For another ...

Truth and Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Truth and Knowledge - Essay Example The thinking process involves reasoning, analyzing, arguing, testing, and making decisions. (Halpern, 2003, p. 37) Arguments are constructed from known facts or evidence, which are presented as the premises, and conclusions are drawn from the given premises. (Salmon, 2004, p. 45) For example, the statement â€Å"All crows are black† is a statement of fact that becomes a premise. Similarly the statement, â€Å"This bird is a crow† is another fact that becomes the second premise. From these premises, it can be said that â€Å"This bird is black†, which is a conclusion. There are two approaches for drawing conclusions –deductive and inductive. Deductive arguments proceed from the universal to the particular cases. If all the premises are true, the conclusion in a deductive argument has to be true. We can say that the conclusion is already implicitly contained in the premises in the case of a deductive argument. A deductive argument is either valid or not valid; there is no intermediate state. Inductive arguments proceed from particular instances to draw conclusions about the universal truth applicable to all elements of a particular class. Inductive arguments expand what is contained in the premises, and draws conclusions that are probably true but not necessarily always so. Thus there is a degree of validity associated with inductive arguments. (Salmon, 2004, p. 49) Some arguments contain unstated premises. These are facts or assumptions that are necessary for the argument to be valid but are not expressly stated. Premises may be unstated because they are perceived as universally known. For example, a joint library between San Jose University and Silicon Valley may be concluded as demonstrating the university’s commitment to promote innovation. This conclusion might be based on the unstated premise that Silicon Valley is innovative, even though this might not be stated expressly. (McGraw-Hill, 2000) However, it is always better

Response to the Movie Sicko In medical sociology terms Essay

Response to the Movie Sicko In medical sociology terms - Essay Example rom the 2006 National Health Interview Survey† highlighted that in 2006, â€Å"there were 43.6 million Americans of all ages who did not have health insurance (at the time of the interview), or 14.8% of the population† (cdc.gov). With this, some people could not help but complain to the somewhat awful situation that they are in. In the same way, SiCKO (directed by Michael Moore), a movie from The Weinstein Company and Dog Eat Dog Productions, documented the alarming health issues that the contemporary Americans are facing nowadays. The movie revealed how health services in the US are made nearly unavailable and mostly unaffordable to its citizenry by its increasing costs and profit maximization by giant insurance companies. Also, SiCKO compared US’ health care to other nations such as Canada, Great Britain, France, and even Cuba, with an astonishing revelation of their free and low-costs health care services to its people. Thus, the following sections of this pape r exemplified my response to the movie in medical sociology terms. As we all know, without even mentioning the exact figures, Americans are now living in the world where there is a significant increase in diseases like cardiovascular disorders and cancers. Of course, this can be attributed to people’s negative health behaviors and lifestyles, which include lack of exercise and dietary conditions that predispose them to these diseases. In an instance, Michael Moore narrated in the movie that in France, people get to enjoy their wine, cigarettes, and fatty foods. These behaviors and lifestyles do have a direct impact on health. But Moore augmented that despite these French indulgences, just like Canadians and Brits, they live much longer than the Americans do. â€Å"Something about that seemed grossly unfair†, said Moore. Moreover, Dr. Jacques Milliez, Head of Obstetrics, St. Antoine Hospital, said in his interview with Moore that in France, â€Å"you pay according to your means and you receive according

Team project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team project - Essay Example Executive members receive a reward of up to two percent reward on Costco purchases per year.( Costco.com) Company vision as put forward by its founder, Jim Sinegal, is to â€Å"give the customer the best value we can†. His strategic vision is to give customers the best value and at the right price. He stressed the importance of treating people right and with respect. It works under the philosophy of â€Å"To keep costs down and pass savings to customers.† (costco.com) Costco sells automotive supplies, sporting goods, hardware, apparels, jewelry, toys, electronic goods and health aids. Away from the usual business activities, COSTO offers technical and non technical services based on different forte such as travel operations to financial investments. Other services of COSTCO includes COSTCO Photo Center, COSTCO Travel, Food Service and Shopping. In 2010, the company branched out to publishing, and has started to publish books and calendars. (Success Story. 2015) Costco does not raise prices because it believes it will be its downfall. In order to offer lower prices than competitors, it adopted a mark-up price of only 15 percent which is much lower than department stores. Department stores, according to Bond, Ronald, 2015,has a mark-up of 50 percent. Costco keeps its price down because they sell in bulk so that a cost of operation is down. Costco distribute its products through its international warehouse designed buildings located at various global sites. Costco has 672 warehouses in various regions, majority of which are in America. Few are located in Asia, such as there are 20 COSTCO warehouse stores in Japan, 11 in South Korea, 10 in Taiwan and 7 in Australia. It has also opened an internet website to keep abreast with competition, with free shipping and discounts to members. It limits distribution of its products by carrying

Principles of Fairness in Taxation

Principles of Fairness in Taxation Is it true to say that some forms of taxation are fairer than others? How might the present taxation system in the UK be improved to make it fairer? Ideas about the fairness of systems of taxation will always be subjective. Whilst wanting to enjoy the protection of the state and other benefits that taxation can provide, few citizens will be as keen to pay their taxes. There is little argument against the principle that taxes should be paid – the more difficult question is what constitutes a fair tax system? Adam Smith was one of the first economists to try and address the issue. He devised four principles for a fair tax system: that citizens ought to make a financial contribution to the state according to their own income and ability to do so; that taxes should be certain rather than arbitrary; that the collection of taxes should be done at a time and in a manner that is convenient for the taxpayer and; that taxes should be kept as low as possible and involve as little time and expense to the taxpayer as is possible. In a more modern setting, Smith’s principles can be summarised as equity, certainty, convenience and efficiency.[1] Equity of taxes is perhaps the most important of the principles. The Poll tax protests of the early 90s show what public reaction can be like if a tax is widely believed to be unfair and the Council Tax in place today continues to court controversy. The tax forces people on low incomes to pay out up to thousands of pounds a year in tax, with rates often dictated by central government. It is also unfair as the levels of council tax can vary greatly according to the efficiency of their local council. People on the same income living in different areas of the country can have vastly different council tax bills, with no great difference in the quality of their local services. Again, it appears to be the poorest that suffer – the poorest in the UJ pay four times as much as the rich as a proportion of income.[2] A contrary argument in respect of council tax however is that taxation should be agreed more at a local level when possible. 96% of taxes in the UK are levied centrally [3] More flexibility for local councils and the involvement of local people into taxation and spending decisions could help ensure that local needs are better met. Central Government cannot always make the correct local decisions and communities need to have the capacity to respond to local issues. There is certainly evidence that the UK tax system as whole is unfair and weighted so that the poor have a proportionately larger tax burden than the rich. Looking at all taxes paid, the poorest 20% of the UK population pay 42% of their income in taxes as opposed to 34% paid by the richest 20%.[4] The administration of a tax system should also be fair and efficient. Whilst self-assessment in the UK has helped improve this to some extent, a large part of the administrative tax burden in the UK is still with the taxpayer and this is unfair. Also, with a complex tax system, administration becomes even more expensive with small businesses in particular having to find funds for tax experts to conduct their tax affairs. Fair taxation also entails that citizens have a good understanding of the taxes that they have to pay and that the legislation for taxation is clearly defined. Poorly written legislation will always be open to misinterpretation and accusations of unfairness. Some taxes in the UK, such as corporation tax or VAT are often misinterpreted and this can again be seen as unfair on those who pay more simply because they do not have their own tax expert to make the most of the legislation for them. The confusion amongst UK taxpayers as to how and when they pay their taxes is clearly a weakness in the system. A summary of the principle taxes collected in the UK is required in assessing the fairness of the UK’s system. There are three types of tax base within the UK system; income which includes income tax and corporation tax; wealth capital which includes capital gains, inheritance tax and stamp duty and; expenditure which includes value added tax and excise duties. The income tax base that includes personal income tax and corporation tax is the tax that provides the most revenue. Total tax receipts for 2005/06 were an estimated  £483 billion and income tax provided 28.1% of this income.[5] There are however arguments that current levels of personal taxation are unfair. The Tax Reform Commission for example suggests that the basic rate of income tax should be set at 20%, that the personal allowance should be increased to  £7185 and that the 10% rate should be abolished altogether, something that would see 2.5 million of the lowest paid people stop paying income tax altogether. [6] Some personal allowances within the income tax system do already help in terms of equity – for example those over 65 have a personal allowance of  £7090 before tax compared to a £4895 allowance for those under 65. What is clear however is that the current levels of personal taxation against the lowest paid in the UK seem inappropriately high and should be reconsidered. National Insurance is a further example of this. Like income tax it is a direct tax on earnings yet different in that that it is linked to certain social security benefits. In practice however there is little relation between National Insurance payments made and benefits received for many individual contributors. There are a number of failures in the UK’s personal taxation in terms of fairness and it is the least well off that suffer Including income tax, NI contributions and loss of tax credits, somebody working 30 hours a week on the minimum wage can pay a marginal tax rate of up to 70%, plus the likelihood of further penalties through the loss of means tested benefits.[7] The marginal tax rate is much noticeably lower for those with a higher income,. There are certainly reforms that could improve and make fairer the current personal tax system. Reduced personal taxation, increased personal allowances and a reduction of the basic rate to 20% would help with this. The abolition of tax-free employee benefits and allowances would also simplify the system and a merging of income tax and National Insurance should be considered. Capital gains tax is the primary tax collected within the wealth tax base. It is a tax levied on gains made from the disposal of assets by individuals. The timing of this tax allows planning by the taxpayer who can prevent the accruing of excess liabilities – in this respect the tax meets the requirements of certainty. It had generally been seen as one of the fairer taxes from when indexation allowance was introduced in 1965 yet this can be questioned in more recent years since the indexation allowance was abolished and taper relief. Introduced. The timing of capital gains tax is also relatively fair in that it allows taxpayers to plan their returns to prevent excess liabilities being accrued. Inheritance tax is the other principle capital tax. This is seen as an unfair tax by many of the middle classes who see it as an unjust tax on properties and savings that their parents have left for them. Inheritance tax brings in substantial funds for HM Treasury with an estimated yield of  £3.3 billion[8] , yet a fairer system suggested by the Tax Reform Commission would be a shorter term capital gains tax on death excluding the family home – for many citizens liable for inheritance tax, the inclusion of property in this tax is seen as the most unfair aspect. Finally, there is scope for making business taxes in the UK fairer and more appealing to investors. The current tax rate of 19% for small companies is fairly low in comparison to international standards, yet in other areas such as relief on capital expenditure, rules on inward investment and taxation of overseas profits, UK taxes are less attractive to overseas investment. Changes to aspects of business taxes would help small businesses in particular and seem fairer to those who pay them. The complexity of business tax is also seen as unfair by many small businesses. It increases the cost of running a business the administrative burden of tax regulation on UJ businesses currently runs at  £5.1 billion, equating to 0.5% of GDP. [9] The fairness of taxation systems is a contentious issue. Some systems of taxation will always appear fairer than others, yet this will largely depend on who is paying them and the financial position of the individual. In the UK today, the burden on the lowest paid initially seems unfair, yet the richest in society will argue that a higher tax on their wealth is a disincentive to enterprise. The middle classes will see something like inheritance tax as unfair, whilst the poorest will see it as perfectly reasonable. A lower overall tax burden for UK citizens is desirable and lower tax margins for the poorest would undoubtedly make the system fairer. More radical proposals such as the introduction of a much more simplified flat tax have been mooted, yet it is improbable that such a system could meet the demand for public expenditure in the UK today. The basic principles of Adam Smith should still apply to the system of taxation in the UK today. Taxes should be fair, certain, convenient and efficient and whilst the UK system does not fully meet those criteria at present, tax reform should continue to work towards this standard. References Adam S Browne J, A Survey of the UK Tax System, Institute for Fiscal Studies Briefing Note, BN09, March 2006 Lymer A, Oats L Hancock D, Taxation Policy and Practice, Accounting Education Ltd, Birmingham, 2003. May J King M, The British Tax System, Oxford University Press, New York 1990 Tax Reform Commission, Tax Matters – Reforming the Tax System, institute for Fiscal Studies Publication 2006 http://www.libdems.org.uk/community/issues/counciltax.html 1 Footnotes [1] p2 Ch 2, Lymer, Oats Hancock, Taxation Policy and Practice, Accounting Education Ltd, Birmingham, 2003 [2] www.libdems.org.uk [3] (Stoker Gary, Councils need more taxation freedoms, p22 The Guardian July 3 2001). [4] www.libdems.org.uk [5] p3 Adam Browne, A Survey of the UK Tax System, Institute for Fiscal Studies Briefing Note, BN09, March 2006) [6] p7 Tax Matters 2006 [7] p57 Tax Matters 2006 [8] p17 Adam and Browne 2006 [9] p21 Tax Matters 2006.

Race and Loyalty in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Race and Loyalty in Othello    William Shakespeare`s Othello is centralized around the conflicts that are, for the most part, tied in with racial issues and questions of loyalty. These conflicts stem from the society that encompass the couple, as well as from the couple themselves.   Indeed the couple are entrenched in different social strata, class and ethnicity.   The female protagonist is the daughter of a highly-respected Venetian senator: Brabantio. Othello--also known as the Moor--is a foreigner, black in color, has a past filled with tragic and exotic tales and has proved himself worthy of the title General in the Venetian army. Even before we, as an audience, have had a chance to meet Othello and Desdemona we learn that the match is considered as disgusting as it is outrageous. From the very beginning everyone and everything seem to work against them, but in the hope that love will conquer all we do not allow ourselves to despair as yet.   Perhaps similar to the way in which Romeo and Juliet are famously bequeathed to be ‘star-crossed lovers’ on the onset of the play. Our assumption of Othello and Desdemona are met in the first act. After having explained why they love each other the world seems to accept this alliance. But Brabantio`s comment informs the reader that not everything is as it seem: (I.iii.293-4) "Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see She has deceived her father and ma... ...on Shakespeare’s Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. (page 1-19) Bloom, Harold. "Introduction" Modern Critical Interpretations, Othello Ed. Harold Bloom, Pub. Chelsea House New Haven CT 1987. (1-6) Jones, Eldred. "Othello- An Interpretation" Critical Essays on Shakespeare’s Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. (page 39-55) Neely, Carol. "Black and White in Othello" Critical Essays on Shakespeare’s Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. (page 68-90) Snyder, Susan. "The Issue of Race in Othello" Modern Critical Interpretations, Othello Ed. Harold Bloom, Pub. Chelsea House New Haven CT 1987. (page 23-37)

Charles Dickens’ Satire of Victorian Culture in Oliver Twist

In the novel Oliver Twist, Charles Dickens ridicules Victorian society; he focuses on the Poor Law system, orphans, workhouses, and the characterization of Oliver and Nancy, using sarcasm, and the comparison between the real world and the world of Oliver. When Dickens was just a child, a lot of traumatic things happened to him. At twelve, his father went to prison. He then had to work in a shoe blacking factory. He knew poverty and that’s why he was aware of social problems and had deep feeling of social commitment. Dickens was one of the most important social writers of history.He criticized moral, social, and economic problems in the Victorian era through his fiction works (â€Å"Charles† 1. ) The emotional and symbolizing power that Oliver Twist has is he value in Dickens life (Linsay 172. ) While writing the book, Victorian themes like poverty, injustice, mean characters, and punishment were all live issues in the world. Dickens didn’t like the 1834 New Poor Act, which criminalized the poor. He didn’t like the harsh utilitarian ethics of it. The Poor Law Board thought that people that could do work didn’t get anything better than the poorest worker.Due to the emergence of trade unions, the Poor Law system fell into decline. There were liberal welfare reforms during the twentieth century; it wasn’t until 1948 when it was officially abolished. Illustrated in Olive Twist, Dickens showed the reading society the harsh symbol of realities in the Victorian era. In the novel, there are a lot of orphans. Dickens depicts them as poor, underfed, oppressed, and severely punished (â€Å"Charles† 1. ) The fear of destitution and poverty was always present in the minds of adults, and children alike in Victorian society.There were many orphans, and one in fourteen of many towns population of children were classified as paupers in 1863. Most of the needy population relied on the parish system through the Poor Law. A Board of Directors was elected, and in many occurrences, Dickens doesn’t put them across as the â€Å"best fit†, even though the goal in the Acts was to help these paupers. Dickens uses sarcasm to write about the Board. It was once a Poor Law system that encouraged work ethic (â€Å"Poverty† 1. ) He describes them in the novel as â€Å"very sage, deep philosophical men† (Dickens 11.)Dickens talks how two orphans, Oliver and Rose, are tried with adversity which teaches them the virtues for others and love. It’s the life of pain and alienation that help them become pure characters, contrasting the fact of the stealing, wild paupers of the Victorian era (Baldridge. ) In the novel, Charles based the character of Oliver on eighteenth century characteristics. Charles’s daydreams of childhood were at bay, and it gave him an emotionally true picture of the exploited children of his own time (Linsay 179. ) In the workhouses that orphans were sent to, there wa s strict discipline.They were given just barely enough food to survive, and were punished harshly if they didn’t follow strict rules. In the novel, Dickens explains what happens to Oliver when he asks for more food. ‘Please, sir, I want some more. ’ The master was a fat, healthy man; but he turned very pale. He gazed in stupefied astonishment on the small rebel for some seconds, and then clung for support to the copper. The assistants were paralyzed with wonder; the boys with fear. Dickens shows the reader through Oliver’s hunger how bad it was for him.Everyone around the food master thought surely Oliver was to be hung for asking such an explicit question. Instead, Oliver is sent to immediate confinement, awaiting a new master. Laborers had tasks like stone breaking, oakum-picking, sack-making, and corn-grinding. Work conditions were tough, even though they were required to be moderately clean. Patricia Pulham and Brad Beaven explain in their article enti tled â€Å"Poverty and the Poor† how in his journal, Workhouse Words, Dickens investigates the conditions of the workhouse conditions.When he went to the workhouse debate in the 1850s, he witnessed poverty, misery, starvation, and all around death these defined the lack of the workhouse system. Dickens achieves the simplicity of the characters because the way he presents them and describes them doesn’t contain any indistinctness. To some, Oliver might seem sentimental, and Nancy a prostitute with unsure feelings, but these depictions are conventional, and are the marks and representations of a tragedy. Oliver is looked at as an â€Å"item of mortality† who will be a new responsibility for the parish and is only worth selling to the general public when he misbehaves for 5 pounds.Society views Oliver, with its money ethic, as a liability, for he really doesn’t portray a soul or spirit in the Board’s eyes. Oliver’s characteristic development mi ght seem pompous, because he doesn’t really act or talks like the other children. Dickens removes him from the natural speech of all other characters, and gives him the emblem of susceptible innocence and exposure. Oliver is managed by anyone who comes in contact with him. He’s like a puppet, influenced beyond his view. Actually, through most of the novel, Oliver often doesn’t know where he is or who he is.Social order is shown through the rough unimportance of Oliver’s concealed humanity (Duffy 5. ) Oliver never learns how to juxtapose the alabaster and pitch social vocabularies in his story in any way that he might earn about the realities of Victorian culture (Baldridge. ) Dickens depicts Nancy as forced into prostitution by poverty, her peers, and her corrupt environment. Dickens knew of the victimization of Victorian women and wanted to show that Nancy’s sweet character was corrupted by this and that she didn’t deserve her fate (Charles 1.)Even at the cost of her life, Nancy feels change in her heart. She is loyal to her friends, and she goes to save Oliver and Rose. Dickens isn’t emotionalizing iniquity and crime. The truth of life is being represented (Al- Mahdi 3-4. ) Charles Dickens successfully takes the harsh realities of the Victorian era and employs them into the novel Oliver Twist. Through his satire and characterization, he creates a negative image of the cruel things that happened to people in workhouses, orphans, and children. Charles Dickens will always be remembered as one of the best social commentators in history.

Tree Symbolism Essay Example

Tree Symbolism Essay Example Tree Symbolism Paper Tree Symbolism Paper People may often ask themselves why they should learn about tree symbolism. Many people would probably say the meaning of trees does not interest them. But knowing what tree symbolism means goes beyond knowing the healing properties of a tree, its elemental correspondences, or its mythological associations. Tree symbolism is a way of classifying, identifying, and organizing the array of energetic knowledge they contain and incorporating this array in peoples daily lives. Human minds are beginning to touch this understanding: To know something is also to Join with it. To Join in an understanding of life causes association with it. When we start to understand tree symbolism, we can then further our perspective into four basic concepts: cultural/historic perspectives of trees, biological functions of trees, energetic resonance of trees, and environment of trees. The beech, birch, willow, and cedar are all used symbolically throughout history to enhance beliefs, offer concrete examples, and connect meaning. The beech tree is native to North America, Europe, and Asia. These trees grow slowly and usually reach a height of 120 feet, with branches expanding to 50 feet ide. Beech trees produce edible nuts and are commonly used as timber for floors, furniture, cabinets, barrels, and toys. The trees are known to symbolize tolerance, past knowledge, and softening criticism. The beech is known for tolerance; for instance, the tree can withstand different soil conditions and habitats. Past knowledge is another symbol; beech trees hold the knowledge of the power of the written word. History reveals that the first European literature was written on beech bark. Beech is the tree of the discovery of lost wisdom, and the individual must learn ot to discount the knowledge and teachings of the past. This type of tree reminds us to soften over-criticalness due to individuals written and spoken communication to accomplish tasks more effectively. The birch tree symbolizes new beginning and renewal. This tree represents the symbol of new beginnings; therefore, the wood is tough, heavy, and straight grained, making it suitable for handles and toys and good for turning. Traditionally, babies cradles were made of birch wood, drawing on the earlier symbolism of new beginnings. The birch trees ability to adapt toa variety of conditions and repopulate quickly after a fire made it a sacred symbol of renewal. Birch trees provided food, medicine, textiles for clothing, shoes, and material for building a shelter. Willow tree meanings include magic, healing, inner vision, and dreams. Native Americans across the world rely on their main source of medical treatments from the tree. This use is because the willow contained acetylsalicylic acid, also known as a form of aspirin. However, its known to people that if they make a wand out of the illow bark and put it underneath their pillow, they will be able to remember their inner vision and dreams at night better. In the 19th century (and earlier), women who dwell upon the death of a loved one showed photographs or drawings including one or more mourners in dark dresses bent over a tombstone with a willow tree a symbol of death, tears, mourning, and reflection. Perhaps this is the origin of the Another tree, called cedar, is found throughout the world and symbolizes healing, cleansing, and protection. All the cedar trees have a fragrance that is leansing and protecting. Cedar is said to be used in rituals and ceremonies to prepare a person or area. Native Americans used it for purification purposes. A staff made from cedar wood has the energy of protection, and it can open opportunities to heal imbalances of emotional distress. Cedar is a tree whose spirit and principle will strengthen and enhance any inner potentials of an individual. This is tied to strong healing energies that cleanse the body, especially at night while the individual sleeps. Cedar helps individuals to balance their emotional and mental odies and can stimulate dream activity, which brings inspiration and calm. In conclusion, throughout history trees have been powerful symbols to many people of different cultures. Therefore, trees of life represent the knowledge of good and evil and invite people to absorb their essences. Trees symbolize life and growth by reaching down to the ground and up to the sky at the same time. The deep- rooted meaning of trees is apparent in common metaphors such as the Tree of Life and our ancestral heritage depicted in family trees.

The Origins Of Community Care Social Work Essay Essays

The Origins Of Community Care Social Work Essay Essays The Origins Of Community Care Social Work Essay Essay The Origins Of Community Care Social Work Essay Essay The beginnings of community attention day of the month back the Griffiths Report in 1988, peculiar Community Care: Agenda for Action and the authorities White Paper Caring for People. ( Guthrie ; 2011 ) The documents emphasised pick, independency and involvement service users and carers. A series of switching schemes and precedences developed such as ; move from institutionalisation to advance independent life within community, from service led to demands led proviso. ( Petch ; 2008 ) In 1990, the NHS and Community Care Act ( NHS A ; CCA1990 ) was introduced that draws attending to the term attention in the community which for many service suppliers opened door to market of services, taking to denationalization and managerialism. ( Ferguson A ; Woodward ; 2009 ) Although community attention was introduced by the NHS A ; CCA1990, this operated in Scotland to amend the Social Work ( Scotland ) Act 1968 ( SW ( S ) A1968 ) . The add-on of subdivision S12 ( a ) into the SW ( S ) A1968 created a responsibility to measure the demands of the person who may necessitate services. Potentially the statutory statute law that could be used in the instance of Mrs. Sheerer are ; Mental Health ( Care and Treatment ) ( Scotland ) Act 2003, ( MH ( C A ; T ) ( S ) A2003 ) , Adults with Incapacity Act 2000 ( AWI ( S ) A2000 ) , mentioned above SW ( S ) A1968 amended under subdivision 13 ( za ) and Adult Support and Protection ( Scotland ) Act 2007 ( ASP ( S ) A2007 ) . ( Mackay ; 2008 ) It seems to be really improbable to utilize MH ( C A ; T ) ( S ) A2003 because there are no clear grounds that Mrs. Sheerer suffer a mental upset, defines as ; a mental unwellness, personality upset or acquisition disablement which is caused or manifested S328 ( 1 ) of MH ( C A ; T ) ( S ) A2003. She besides based on information provided, does non look to set herself or others on important hazard and her determination devising is non evidently impaired. It is deserving observing that the act is really controversial due to impact of stigma, coercion and breaching of human rights. The AWI ( S ) A2000 could be used on the evidences that Mrs. Sheerer is deemed to miss capacity to do determination in relation to her hereafter attention demands, S1 ( 6 ) of AWI ( S ) A2000 states incapable means incapable of doing determination and this seems to be relevant to the instance. It is of import to observe based on statute law that if Mrs. Sheerer is unable to do determination in some countries, she is likely to take determinations in others. In Scots jurisprudence, there must be clear grounds that a individual deficiency of capacity before any action will be permitted. ( Scots Government ; 2008 ) However, in England and Wales the same regulation is statutory, the grownup must be assumed to hold capacity unless proven otherwise as stated in S1 of Mental Capacity Act 2005 ( MCA2005 ) . It may be questioned if Mrs. Sheerer really deficiency of capacity, based on individual SMART trial in hospital status. Hospital could worsen confusion, as a consequence of strangeness, deficiency of slumber, medicine or hurting. When step ining in Mrs. Sheerer live, the rules defines in S1 of AWI ( S ) A2000 must be taken into history such as ; intercession will profit the grownup and will be least restrictive option in relation to the freedom of Mrs Sheerer. Account shall be taken of the present and past wants and feeling of service user and the positions of other relevant people. It is deserving observing that rule three merely requires positions are taken into history but it does non intend they are given consequence to. The principle four of the AWI ( S ) A2000, to advance the engagement in determination devising, is somewhat different in England and Wales, where determinations being taken in the best involvement of and grownups harmonizing to S1 ( 5 ) of MCA2005. It is of import to look into if Mrs. Sheerer did non take advantage of the options such as ; negotiorum gestio, which allow the authorized individual to move on the behalf of an incapable grownup, la wyers or defenders to take determination on behalf of an grownup. An lawyer is appointed by the individual before doomed of capacity, at the presence of the canvasser whereas, a defender is appointed by the sheriff tribunal. ( Guthrie ; 2011 ) Application for a care order when Mrs. Sheerer is in hospital ready to dispatch, could do unneeded procedure known as delayed discharge codification 51X. ( Scots Government, 2010 ) The holds in care order could be caused, by troubles in obtaining legal assistance by relations. If societal worker felt the hold in discharge consequence in negative effects for Mrs. Sheerer, it would be considered taking over the guardianship application. To use a guardian Mrs. Sheerer harmonizing to S57 of AWI ( S ) A2000 must be incapable and it must be likely that incapacity will go on. Therefore, the application for the defender could be irrelevant in a state of affairs of Mrs. Sheerer because there are no groundss of continuity of incapacity and the current p rovince can merely be impermanent. If Mrs. Sheerer was non able to do determination, merely for a short period of clip, sing her public assistance or finance, where determination had to be made rapidly, a societal worker of behalf of local authorization has responsibility to use for an intercession order under S53 of AWI ( S ) A2000. Potentially AWI ( S ) A2000 could be used to imposed attention at place or residential attention to Mrs. Sheerer. Assuming that Mrs. Sheerer does non hold appointees and deficiency of capacity to do determination about future attention demands, it would has to be considered if the application for an order under the AWI ( S ) A2000 is necessary or instead use the power of the SW ( S ) A1968 amended under subdivision 13 ( za ) . This subdivision, give societal worker a power to supply community attention services that has been assessed as needed to Mrs. Sheerer due to incapableness to accept having such services. In conformity with S13 ( za ) of SW ( S ) A1968 Mrs. Sheerer could be move to care place or hold with proposed attention intercession. Before utilizing any of those two Acts of the Apostless, the issues to discourse are ; acceptance of rules, want of autonomy, appraisal of demands and hazard every bit good as fiscal agreements. The last but non least legal option to see is ASP ( S ) A2007, the act refers to the jurisprudence that concerns non lone protection but supplying support to advance independency and public assistance of service user. Mrs. Sheerer meets two status of the act to be applied such as ; she is at hazard and may necessitate protection of wellbeing, due to her deficiency of capacity, hapless nutrition every bit good as hazard of falls. The ASP ( S ) A2007 gives societal worker working on behalf of local authorization responsibility to look into and measure Mrs. Sheerer. Most of appraisals are undertaken on a voluntary footing but the act gives power to measure without consent of service user and is known as the first of three protection orders. ( Mackay: 2008a ) The act besides established a responsibility to collaborate between bureaus and creates multi-disciplinary Adults Protection Committees to implement, proctor and back up the work. One could imagine that the usage of ASP ( S ) A2007 seems to be the most appropriate option because is the less restrictive harmonizing to Mackay ( 2008 ) pyramid of statutory intercession. What is more, the act itself does non stigmatize, the least breach human right or freedom. It will give societal worker clip to acquire know and construct better relationship with Mrs. Sheers. Consequently, it will ensue in holding more information and better image of state of affairs. When utilizing ASP ( S ) A2007 one assume Mrs. Sheerer s state of affairs could be caused by sing some troubles in her life or even suffer hurt such as mourning, lost or maltreatment. The intercession in Mrs. Sheerer live will depend on many factors to be discussed ; service user s sentiment, adaptability of house to current demands, the status of house and handiness, sentiments of other professional and relations. One might anticipate that Mrs Sheerer, irrespective of age but due to femur break will necessitate int ense place attention services or version of the house such as ; raised lavatory place, grab or lifting grips, community dismay, infirmary bed or others. The application of the above will be possible under S13 ( za ) of SW ( S ) 1968 imagining that Mrs. Sheerer expresses consent to such services to be provided. Social worker has responsibility to measure the demands of Mrs. Sheerer under ASP ( S ) 2007 but the consent to supply services is needed to utilize S13 ( za ) of SW ( S ) A1968. Otherwise, societal worker could take action under AWIA ( S ) 2000. The rules of these Acts of the Apostless required to take the position of Mrs. Sheerer and carers if involved, into history when make up ones minding what services to supply, this is besides in conformity with Community Care and Health ( Scotland ) Act 2002 ( CC A ; H ( S ) A2002 ) amended under S12 ( a ) of the SW ( S ) A1968. It is deserving indicating out that Mrs. Sheerer was nutritionally compromise but had home attention servic es and limited household intercession. This raises the inquiries of why it was non noticed, how adequate is the consequence of SMART trial in infirmary conditions and how this had affected Mrs. Sheerer. There are a batch of guesss and factors to see but taking into history the limited information that were given and presuming societal worker investigates this instance for the first clip, it seems be discriminatory to utilize other statute law. One must retrieve that legislative context of intercession, chiefly, is driven by the relationship between societal worker and service user, which is a nucleus component to success intercession in societal work. It is an of import beginning of information to understand the world behind the state of affairs and how best to assist. Wilson et Al. ( 2008: p.7 ) mentioning to relationship-based pattern called it the medium through which societal worker can prosecute with and step in in the complexness of internal and external universe of service user. This portion of the essay examines duties, rights and function of people involved. The statute law gives the societal worker moving on behalf of local authorization a general duty to advance good being, to understate the consequence of intercession and give an grownup the chance to take as normal live as possible. Local authorization is responsible for measuring demands for community attention services, set uping and supplying these services every bit good as cooperation with other professionals such as ; occupational healer, lodging officers, GPs. This is harmonizing to the integrating docket between wellness and societal attention services. ( Age Scotland, 2011 ) Social worker has statutory responsibilities underpinned non merely by the jurisprudence but besides professional codifications and values. Expectation of societal work profession is presented in codification of moralss issued by British Association of Social Workers ( BASW ) and codification of pattern represented by Scots Social Services Council ( SSSC ) . Social work values grew on the thought of regard for the equality, worth and self-respect of all people. Human rights and societal justness are at the bosom of societal work intercession. The five rules indicates by BASW ( 2012 ) sing human rights are ; to advance and esteem good being, support people to do ain picks and determinations, promote engagement, engagement and authorization of people utilizing services, handling each individual as a whole to recognize all facets of service user s life, placing and developing strengths. While, codification of pattern ( SSSC ; 2007 ) requires ; to protect the right and advance the involv ement of service user, maintain the trust and assurance, promote independency while protecting from injury and danger, respect the rights of service user. The Scots Parliament and public governments are required to continue the European Convention of Human Rights, incorporated into the UK jurisprudence through Human Rights Act 1998. ( Johns ; 2008 ) It can be in some instances that the jurisprudence can transgress human rights. Therefore, in relation to Mrs. Sheerer societal worker most of all has to esteem, Mrs. Sheerer s right to liberty and security, the article five established three conditions to be met before it will be breached such as certified mental upset within important grade and doggedness. Article eight provinces that Mrs. Sheerer has the right to privateness, household life, place and correspondence. ( Johns, 2008 ) She besides has the right to entree a canvasser or protagonism included under S6 of ASP ( S ) A2007. The function of societal worker will be to guarantee Mrs. Sheerer understand legal procedures and if she is cognizant of her rights. The statute law model is complex, accordingly ; information given must do sense and be apprehensible for service user, the function of societal worker is to take clip to explicate and reply inquiries. Social worker must utilize appropriate and effectual method of communicating and accomplishments to understand and to be understood. The purpose is to back up Mrs. Sheerer to do informed picks every bit far as possible. Social worker must guarantee that Mrs. Sheerer s positions are heard and she understands a state of affairs. There are six core functions of societal worker such as ; instance worker, advocator, spouse, assessor of hazard and demands, attention trough, agent of societal control. The above functions are affected by alterations in wider societal context, public assistance policy and political orientation like for illustration demographic alte rations, communications engineerings, consumerism etc. ( Scots Government ; 2005 ) Social worker function is to work together with Mrs. Sheerer to help her to turn to personal issues, supply information and protagonism. Supply services to run into the demands of service user and non to seek to repair Mrs. Sheerer to services available. This portion of the essay efforts to demo the chances of anti-discrimination, engagement and authorization in societal work. Social worker is obligated by jurisprudence, values and moralss to back up and work with service user in anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory manner. Knowledge and apprehension of professional codifications such as ; BASW and SSSC is important in being cognizant of anti-discriminatory pattern in societal work by specifying rights and duties. The anti-discriminatory tendencies in societal work values and pattern are profoundly rooted in extremist societal work that aims to work towards a society based on equality, justness and engagement. Harmonizing to the axiom popularised by Marx from each harmonizing to his ability, to each harmonizing to his demands. ( Doel ; 2012, p. 27 ) Social justness is still a basic value in societal work pattern. Dalrymple and Burke ( 2006 ) refer to emancipator issues that driven modern-day societal work such as societal justne ss, authorization, partnership and minimum intercession. Participation is a cardinal component in the development of anti-discriminatory pattern. Wilson ( 2008 ) refers to engagement of service user in societal work pattern based on partnership and authorization. The term partnership is used to mention to pattern, based on working with service users, towards together agreed ends, instead than making things for them. ( Thomson, 2011 ) Dalrymple and Burke ( 2006 ) defined partnership as procedure of information sharing and engagement in decision-making. Taking the above into history societal worker have to affect Mrs. Sheerer in the procedure of determination devising and intercession such as specifying demands, make up ones mind how best to assist, implementing, holding and measuring. Authorization is non merely a affair of easing or enabling. It besides involves taking history of the disadvantage and subjugation that are so characteristic of the service user twenty-four hours to twe nty-four hours experiences. ( Thompson, 2008 ) Work in anti-discriminatory manner means to see Mrs. Sheerer within her broad societal context include environmental, social and cultural factors such as race, gender, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, disablement and so on. The last subdivision of the essay assesses societal policy that inform legislative context of this instance. It is seems to be clear that societal worker demands to work in integrating with other professionals within all facets of appraisal and intercession procedure. The statute law defines duties in societal work but societal policies outline a program of action, a set of regulations that guide pattern. The first important policy in footings of advancing partnership working across wellness, lodging and societal attention is Joint Future 2000. This is a alone partnership between the Scottish Executive, the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities ( CoSLA ) and NHS Scotland that focus on to better joint working through funding articulation services, direction and resources. A cardinal constituent of Joint Future has been development of Single Shared Assessment ( SSA ) that aims to shorten and better flow of information between professionals and bureaus, avoid duplicate, provide faster entree to back up with less bureaucratism. ( Age Scotland, 2012 ) The policy Changing Lifes 2006 has concerned on anti-discrimination, to make non look at service user in the context of exposure but to concentrate on strength and edifice true relationship. The purpose set out through study were advancing engagement ; taking a whole-person attack ; understanding each person in the context of household and community. ( Scots Government ; 2006 ) The another policy that seems to be of import in relation to scenario, with the premise of that Mrs Sheerer is an older individual because the policy aims chiefly to older people, is All our Future. It supports older people to remain at place every bit long as possible by supplying free personal attention, telecare development programme, attention and fix, travel strategy ; free coach travel etc.. ( Scots Executive ; 2007 ) It is notable that Mrs. Sheerer may be entitled to liberate personal attention that was introduced by the Sutherland study and statutory implemented through the CC A ; H ( S ) A2002. ( Guthrie ; 2011 ) In Scotland every individual over 60 old ages is entitled to liberate personal attention in other instances it will depend on demands, precedence and classs of hazard. The policy Reshaping Care for Older Peoples ( SCSWIS ; 2011 ) focuses on the 3R s rehabilitation, re-ablement and recovery to optimize the independency of people at place. The reablement is a new s ervice, ab initio aims at people coming out of infirmary. In Glasgow it is a partnership between Social Work Services, Cordia, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde. If Mrs. Sheerer lives in the country, she will be provided with services up to six hebdomads, the reablement aims to construct assurance by assisting to recover the accomplishments to make what Mrs. Sheerer can and desire to make for herself at place. ( Glasgow City Council: 2011 ) Recent audience on integrating docket, set out proposal to inform and alter the manner that the NHS and Local Authorities work together and in partnership with the 3rd and independent sectors. This includes incorporate budget and joint answerability. The proposal extends the services proviso to all grownups and non merely older people, so the guesss sing the age of Mrs. Sheerer would non be needed. The Integration of Adult Health and Social Care Bill will convey forward statute law to make Health and Social Care Partnerships, which will replace Community Health Partnerships and will be the joint and equal duty of Health Boards and Local Authorities. ( Scots Government ; 2012 ) Ineffective partnership between wellness and societal services is a existent quandary of modern-day societal work pattern. On the one manus, the job is finance and the ageless inquiry ; who are traveling to pay for services? On the other, the issue of happening appropriate resources that will run into the deman ds of Mrs. Sheerer, both procedures are clip devouring. Consequently, Mrs. Sheerer can be detained in infirmary thirster that necessary that can impact her emotional and physical status, which normally will deteriorate. Other issues are ; blocked bed and retained the flow of a new patient. One strongly believe that new integrating docket of wellness and societal attention such as one budget and amalgamate partnership will do a difference in new societal services. The new societal policies and statute law present a broad scope of possible options and picks such as ; personalised services and autonomous support. It this hebdomad authorities has been discoursing the Social Care ( Autonomous Support ) ( Scotland ) Bill ( SDS Bill ) that has been passed phase three on 28th of November 2012. ( Scots Parliament, 2012 ) What that means for societal work today is a displacement from service led to outcome led proviso, The Talking Points: Personal Outcomes Approach promoted by the Joint Impro vement Team will alter the procedure of appraisal of demands that now will be more focal point on marks. Based on SDS Bill societal worker will hold a responsibility to offer ; direct payment to Mrs. Sheerer in order that she will set up her support ; can do agreement for services that have been chosen by Mrs. Sheerer or can choose appropriate support and do agreement. ( IRISS ; 2012 ) One could earnestly oppugn if Mrs. Sheerer will hold accomplishments and cognition to pull off these assortment of options such as ; possibility to use ain carers or purchase ain services, if she have non done earlier. It seems to be clear that the function of societal worker will hold alteration signifier procedural attention direction towards support and securities firm. To sum up, modern-day societal work pattern floating off from paternalism to seeing service users as experts of ain life an illustration of this is work in partnerships, service user engagement or SDS. There is no uncertainty that relationship between societal worker and Mrs. Sheer is a key in the procedure of intercession. It is important to speak to and listen to serve user. The more clip spend, the more societal worker will understand Mrs. Sheerer within wider societal context. One must retrieve that when step ining in person s life taking no action is an action, otherwise the option of minimum intercession or less restrictive option must be put in topographic point.

Cause and Effects of Obestity In America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Strategic Management in Tourism, Sports and Event Case Study

Strategic Management in Tourism, Sports and Event - Case Study Example Sports industry has grown considerably due to the growing interests related to games, health and fitness. Focusing on this aspect, the case study intends to reveal ways of doing business in light of increased environmental concerns for a popular sport organisation namely Manchester United Football Club. Besides, the case study also discusses various growth strategies that can be used for Manchester United to expand the business. Corporate Social Responsibility In the context of strategic management, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is significantly influencing the business at an alarming rate. CSR is linked with core business objectives and core competencies and it can provide positive financial yields for Manchester United along with facilitating it to create a positive environmental impact in the world (McElhaney, 2009). New Ways of Doing Business In current business context, environmental problems such as climate change create an impact on every aspect of the economy and sports industry is no exception. Sports business is potentially an environmentally sensitive segment and is likely to be impacted by climate change. In present days, there is an increasing awareness about certain environmental issues such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, carbon emission, energy consumption and waste management among others (The Higher Education Academy, 2008; Carroll & Shabana, 2010). CSR Initiative Optimal for Manchester United The corporate trend towards CSR signifies substantial prospects for Manchester United to capitalise on pervasive demands of sports along with the financial strength of the business (Manchester United Limited, 2011). In order to understand the most optimal CSR initiative for an organisation, first there is a need to make an internal analysis such as SWOT. Appendix 1 and 2 shows the SWOT analysis of Manchester United and the SWOT analysis with the aid of Weighting/Ranking System. Concerning the internal aspects of Manchester United, it can be stated that the organisation possesses a number of ways for positioning the CSR strategies. For instance, it can make progression towards accomplishing profit objectives by of its involvement in sport related or spectator services along with developing partnerships with other organisations in an attempt to advance CSR programs (Smith & Westerbeek, 2007). Clear CSR Leadership Position In order to be comp etitive in present day’s business environment, organisations must constantly innovate and observe the activities of the competitors. Manchester United has corporate responsibility to ensure safe and healthy atmosphere and is committed to maintain sound environmental performance by constant maintenance of environmental management system (Akesson, 2010; Breitbarth et al., 2011). Strategic Group Analysis of Sports Industry Strategic group is a concept which is used to classify groups of organisations within similar industry, having similar business models (Reger & Huff, 2010). The following figure will show the strategic groups in the United Kingdom sports industry with reference to football segment. Aspects such as extent of branding and number of market segment served have been used for demonstrating the strategic group of Manchester United. According to the above figure, the key competitors of Manchester United in the Asian market are Arsenal Holdings plc, Chelsea and Liverpo ol Football Club (Henry, 2008). Arsenal and Chelsea have focused on Asian participation being through academies and programs while Liverpool is focusing on Indian market for opening of its own academy (Chelsea, 2013; The Arsenal Football Club Plc, 2011; Eurosport, 2013) Growth Strategy for 2014 to 2015 Business growth for an organisatio